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Planning for the Pew family trusts (founders of Sun Oil) dates to at least 1932 when estate work began for the four Pew children. Fear of inheritance &ldquo ; super-taxes&rdquo ; proposed by Franklin Delano Roosevelt to finance his New Deal was in the air in the 1930s and drove a number of wealthy families to find novel ways to shield their assets from Roosevelt&rsquo ; s various revenue acts. These trusts were meant only to come into effect after the death of each family member, and it was not until 1948 when the four Pews sat down to invest into existence the Pew Memorial Foundation (their father&rsquo ; s posthumous memorial) that they made headlines in terms of secular philanthropy. The Pews saw Roosevelt&rsquo ; s taxes as not only the first blow in a new type of class warfare, but also as a pointed attack against the free market ideologies that allowed individual choice in the ultimate investment of one&rsquo ; s money. This article follows the Pews&rsquo ; attempts to navigate their responsibilities to family wealth. By examining the logic and theological contours of the Pews&rsquo ; insistence upon a separation between public and private, profit and loss, and secular market, political lobbying, and religious interest, we learn not only about conservative Protestant influence on American law, but also about the context for the creation of an independent philanthropic &ldquo ; third sector&rdquo ; tied to the evolving role of organized religion in twentieth-century American society.

The β decay of the semi-magic nucleus Cd130 has been studied at the RIBF facility at the RIKEN Nishina Center. The high statistics of the present experiment allowed for a revision of the established level scheme of In130 and the observation of additional β feeding to high-lying core-excited states in In130. The experimental results are compared to shell-model calculations employing a model space consisting of the full major N=50-82 neutron and Z=28-50 proton shells and the NA-14 interaction, and good agreement is found ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion under contract FPA2011-29854-C04 and the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under Contract No. FPA2014-57196-C5- 4-P, the Generalitat Valenciana (Spain) under Grant No. PROMETEO/2010/101, the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (NRF-2014S1A2A2028636, 2016K1A3A7A09005579), the Priority Centers Research Program in Korea (2009-0093817), OTKA Contract No. K-100835, JSPS KAKENHI (Grant No. 25247045), the European Commission through the Marie Curie Actions call FP7-PEOPLE-2011-IEF under Contract No. 300096, the US Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357, the STFC (UK), the "RIKEN foreign research program," the German BMBF (No. 05P12RDCIA, No. 05P12RDNUP, and No. 05P12PKFNE), HIC for FAIR, the DFG cluster of excellence "Origin and Structure of the Universe," and DFG (Contract No. KR2326/2-1)

Artículo escrito por muchos autores, sólo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración y los autores que firman como pertenecientes a la UAM ; For the first time, the γ decay of excited states has been observed in a nucleus situated in the quadrant south-east of doubly magic 132Sn, a region in which experimental information so far is limited to ground-state properties. Six γ rays with energies of 50, 86, 103, 227, 357, and 602 keV were observed following the β-delayed neutron emission from 133Cd85, populated in the projectile fission of a 238U beam at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory at RIKEN within the EURICA project. The new experimental information is compared to the results of a modern realistic shell-model calculation, the first one in this region very far from stability, focusing in particular on the π0g−1 9/2 ⊗ ν1f7/2 particle-hole multiplet in 132In83. In addition, theoretical estimates based on a scaling of the two-body matrix elements for the πh−1 11/2 ⊗ νg9/2 analog multiplet in 208Tl127, one major proton and one major neutron shell above, are presented ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación under Contract No. FPA2011-29854-C04 and the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under Contract No. FPA2014-57196-C5- 4-P, the Generalitat Valenciana (Spain) under Grant No. PROMETEO/2010/101, the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. NRF-2012R1A1A1041763), the Priority Centers Research Program in Korea (2009-0093817), OTKA Contract No. K-100835, JSPS KAKENHI (Grant No. 25247045), the European Commission through the Marie Curie Actions call FP7-PEOPLE-2011-IEF under Contract No. 300096 and the German BMBF (No. 05P12RDCIA and No. 05P12RDNUP), and Helmholtz International Center for FAIR

Die Arbeit geht der Frage nach, welches der miteinander verglichenen Kaufrechtssysteme die (ökonomischen) Interessen des Verkäufers im Zusammenhang mit dem durch ein hohes Verbraucherschutzniveau geprägten Nacherfüllungsanspruch des Verbrauchers am ehesten zu verwirklichen vermag. Insofern werden in der Arbeit 7 Themenkomplexe untersucht – von der Stellung der Nacherfüllung im System der Kaufgewährleistungsrechte über den geschuldeten Leistungsumfang bis hin zum Unverhältnismäßigkeitseinwand. Dogmatische Untersuchungsschwerpunkte bilden etwa die Selbstvornahme-Problematik im Lichte des Unionsrechts und die Allokation bestimmter Schadenspositionen zur Nacherfüllung respektive zum Schadensersatzrecht im Lichte der Rechtsprechung des EuGH.

The high-velocity transient-field (HVTF) technique was used to measure the g factor of the 2+ state of 72Zn produced as a radioactive beam. The transient-field strength was probed at high velocity in ferromagnetic iron and gadolinium hosts using 76Ge beams. The potential of the HVTF method is demonstrated and the difficulties that need to be overcome for a reliable use of the TF technique with high-Z, high-velocity radioactive beams are revealed. The polarization of K-shell vacancies at high velocity, which shows more than an order of magnitude difference between Z=20 and Z=30 is discussed. The g-factor measurement hints at the theoretically predicted transition in the structure of the Zn isotopes near N=40. ©2012 American Physical Society ; This work was supported by the EU FP6 contract no. EURONS N◦RII3-CT-2004-506065, by the IAP Program, P6/23 BriX, Belgian Science Policy, by the Bulgarian Science Fund DID-02/16 and DFNR-02/5, by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación under contract nos. FPA2007-66069 and FPA2009-13377-C02-02, the Spanish Consolider-Ingenio 2010 Programme CPAN (CSD2007-00042), and by the AustralianResearch Council Discovery Grant No. DP0773273.The work of E.F. has been supported in part by the ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI. ; Peer Reviewed

Yrast states up to (6+) in the neutron-rich S40 nucleus have been studied using binary grazing reactions produced by the interaction of a 215 MeV beam of S36 ions with a thin Pb208 target. The novel experimental setup that combines the large acceptance magnetic spectrometer, PRISMA, and the high-efficiency γ-ray detection array, CLARA, was used. A new γ-ray transition at an energy of 1572 keV was observed and tentatively assigned to the (6+)→(4+) transition. A comparison of experimental observations and the results of large-scale 0 ω sd-pf shell-model calculations indicates that one- and two-proton excitations from the 2s1/2 to the 1d3/2 orbitals play an important role in reproducing the S40 yrast level structure and the published B(E2;0g.s.+→21+) value. The structure of the yrast states of the even-A isotopes of sulfur is interpreted in terms of the configurations of valence protons and neutrons within the context of large-scale 0 ω sd-pf shell-model calculations. © 2010 The American Physical Society. ; Supported in part by the EPSRC (UK) and by the European Union under Contract No. RII3-CT-2004-506065. Support from STFC. Support from ORSAS and from the University of the West of Scotland. Support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación under Contract Nos. FPA2007-66069 and FPA2009-13377-C02-02. Support from OTKA Project No. K68801. ; Peer Reviewed

Yrast states in the neutron-rich S41 nucleus have been studied using binary grazing reactions produced by the interaction of a 215-MeV beam of S36 ions with a thin Pb208 target. The magnetic spectrometer, PRISMA, and the γ-ray array, CLARA, were used in the measurements. γ-ray transitions of energy 449 and 638 keV were observed. Results from published intermediate-energy Coulomb excitation measurements in combination with those from the present work have led to the construction of a new S41 level scheme. Proposed Jπ values are based on experimental observation and on model-dependent arguments. The level scheme and published electromagnetic transition probabilities are discussed within the context of state-of-art shell-model calculations using the SDPF-U effective interaction. In contrast with the excellent agreement observed in earlier published work, here there are significant discrepancies between experiment and the results of shell-model calculations. © 2011 American Physical Society. ; Supported in part by the EPSRC (UK) and by the European Union under Contract No. RII3-CT- 2004-506065. A.J. acknowledges financial support from the m Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion under Contracts No. FPA2007-66069 and No. FPA2009-13377-C02-02. Zs.D. acknowledges the financial support from OTKA Project No. K68801. ; Peer Reviewed

4 páginas, 4 figuras.-- El Pdf es la versión pre-print.-- et al. ; Shell structure and magic numbers in atomic nuclei were generally explained by pioneering work that introduced a strong spin–orbit interaction to the nuclear shell model potential. However, knowledge of nuclear forces and the mechanisms governing the structure of nuclei, in particular far from stability, is still incomplete. In nuclei with equal neutron and proton numbers (N = Z), enhanced correlations arise between neutrons and protons (two distinct types of fermions) that occupy orbitals with the same quantum numbers. Such correlations have been predicted to favour an unusual type of nuclear superfluidity, termed isoscalar neutron–proton pairing, in addition to normal isovector pairing. Despite many experimental efforts, these predictions have not been confirmed. Here we report the experimental observation of excited states in the N = Z = 46 nucleus 92Pd. Gamma rays emitted following the 58Ni(36Ar,2n)92Pd fusion–evaporation reaction were identified using a combination of state-of-the-art high-resolution γ-ray, charged-particle and neutron detector systems. Our results reveal evidence for a spin-aligned, isoscalar neutron–proton coupling scheme, different from the previous prediction. We suggest that this coupling scheme replaces normal superfluidity (characterized by seniority coupling) in the ground and low-lying excited states of the heaviest N = Z nuclei. Such strong, isoscalar neutron–proton correlations would have a considerable impact on the nuclear level structure and possibly influence the dynamics of rapid proton capture in stellar nucleosynthesis. ; This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council (contract nos 2007-4067 and 2008-5793), the Göran Gustafsson Foundation, the European Union Sixth Framework Programme 'Integrating Infrastructure Initiative – Transnational Access' (no. 506065; EURONS), the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund, OTKA (contract nos. K72566 and K68801), the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (grant no. N N202 073935), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (contract no. FPA2007-66069), the Spanish Consolider-Ingenio 2010 Programme CPAN (CSD2007-00042), and Ankara University BIYEP project no. DPT 2005120140. ; Peer reviewed

5 pags. ; 3 figs. ; PACS numbers: 23.40.-s, 21.10.Pc, 27.60.+j, 21.60.Cs ; Taprogge, J., et al. ; A low-lying state in In82131, the one-proton hole nucleus with respect to double magic Sn132, was observed by its γ decay to the Iπ=1/2- β-emitting isomer. We identify the new state at an excitation energy of Ex=1353keV, which was populated both in the β decay of Cd13183 and after β-delayed neutron emission from Cd13284, as the previously unknown πp3/2 single-hole state with respect to the Sn132 core. Exploiting this crucial new experimental information, shell-model calculations were performed to study the structure of experimentally inaccessible N=82 isotones below Sn132. The results evidence a surprising absence of proton subshell closures along the chain of N=82 isotones. The consequences of this finding for the evolution of the N=82 shell gap along the r-process path are discussed. © 2014 American Physical Society. ; . This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación under Contracts No. FPA2009-13377-C02 and No. FPA2011-29854-C04, the Generalitat Valenciana (Spain) under grant PROMETEO/2010/101, the Japanese government under contract KAKENHI (25247045), the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. NRF- 2012R1A1A1041763), the Priority Centers Research Program in Korea (2009-0093817), OTKA contract number K-100835, the European Commission through the Marie Curie Actions call FP7-PEOPLE-2011-IEF under Contract No. 300096, the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC02- 06CH11357 and the German BMBF (No. 05P12RDCIA and 05P12RDNUP) and HIC for FAIR. ; Peer Reviewed

The relativistic projectile fragmentation of a 750 MeV per nucleon beam of Ag107 was used to populate isomeric states in neutron-deficient nuclei around A=80-90. Reaction products were separated and unambiguously identified using the GSI FRagment Separator (FRS) and its ancillary detectors. At the final focal plane, the fragments were slowed from relativistic energies by means of an aluminium degrader and implanted in a passive stopper in the center of the high-efficiency, high-granularity Stopped Rare Isotope Spectroscopic INvestigation at GSI (RISING) germanium array. This allowed the identification of excited states in the N=Z nuclei 4386Tc and, for the first time, 4182Nb. Isomeric states have also been identified for the first time in Tc87,88, and a previously unreported isomer was observed in Nb84. Experimental results are presented along with a discussion on the structure of these nuclei based on interpretations provided by several theoretical models. © 2009 The American Physical Society. ; Sponsored by the EPSRC (UK) and STFC (UK), The Swedish Research Council, The Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Grant Nos. P03B03030 and N N202 309135), the Bulgarian Science Fund VUF06/05, the US Department of Energy (Grant Nos. DE-FG02-91ER-40609 and DE-AC02-06CH11357), the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Project Nos. FPA2005-00696 and FPA2007-66069), the German Federal Ministry of Education, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (Contract No. K68801), research under Grant No. 06KY205I, and EURONS (European Commision Contract No. 506065). Chinese Major State Basic Development Program through Grant No. 2007CB815005 and the Natural Science Foundation of China under Contract No. 10875077.Nexia Solutions Ltd, a subsidiary of BNFL, for financial support. ; Peer Reviewed

The γ-ray decay of isomeric states in the even-even nucleus Cd128 has been observed. The nucleus of interest was produced both by the fragmentation of Xe136 and the fission of U238 primary beams. The level scheme was unambiguously constructed based on γγ coincidence relations in conjunction with detailed lifetime analysis employed for the first time on this nucleus. Large-scale shell-model calculations, without consideration of excitations across the N=82 shell closure, were performed and provide a consistent description of the experimental level scheme. The structure of the isomeric states and their decays exhibit coexistence of proton, neutron, and strongly mixed configurations due to πν interaction in overlapping orbitals for both proton and neutron holes. © 2009 The American Physical Society. ; Supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia under Contracts FPA2005-00696 and FPA2007-66069, the European Commission Contract 506065 (EURONS), the Swedish VR, EPSRC, and STFC (United Kingdom), the German BMBF, the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Grants 1-P03B-030-30 and 620/E-77/SPB/GSI/P 03/DWM105/2004-2007), and the Bulgarian Science Fund. ; Peer Reviewed

A. Vogt et al.; 12 pags.; 14 figs.; PACS number(s): 24.10.−i, 25.70.Hi, 29.30.Aj, 29.40.Gx ; © 2015 American Physical Society. ©2015 American Physical Society. Background: Multinucleon transfer reactions (MNT) are a competitive tool to populate exotic neutron-rich nuclei in a wide region of nuclei, where other production methods have severe limitations or cannot be used at all. Purpose: Experimental information on the yields of MNT reactions in comparison with theoretical calculations are necessary to make predictions for the production of neutron-rich heavy nuclei. It is crucial to determine the fraction of MNT reaction products which are surviving neutron emission or fission at the high excitation energy after the nucleon exchange. Method: Multinucleon transfer reactions in Xe136+U238 have been measured in a high-resolution γ-ray/particle coincidence experiment. The large solid-angle magnetic spectrometer PRISMA coupled to the high-resolution Advanced Gamma Tracking Array (AGATA) has been employed. Beamlike reaction products after multinucleon transfer in the Xe region were identified and selected with the PRISMA spectrometer. Coincident particles were tagged by multichannel plate detectors placed at the grazing angle of the targetlike recoils inside the scattering chamber. Results: Mass yields have been extracted and compared with calculations based on the grazing model for MNT reactions. Kinematic coincidences between the binary reaction products, i.e., beamlike and targetlike nuclei, were exploited to obtain population yields for nuclei in the actinide region and compared to x-ray yields measured by AGATA. Conclusions: No sizable yield of actinide nuclei beyond Z=93 is found to perform nuclear structure investigations. In-beam γ-ray spectroscopy is feasible for few-neutron transfer channels in U and the -2p channel populating Th isotopes. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the German Bundesministerium fur Bildung ¨ und Forschung (BMBF) under Contract No. 05P12PKFNE TP4, the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant No. 262010-ENSAR, and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion under Contract ´ No. FPA2011-29854-C04. A.V. thanks the Bonn-Cologne Graduate School of Physics and Astronomy (BCGS) for financial support. One of the authors (A. Gadea) was supported by MINECO, Spain, under Grants No. FPA2011-29854-C04 and No. FPA2014-57196-C5, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain, under Grant No. PROMETEOII/2014/019, and EU under the FEDER program. ; Peer Reviewed